The Utilization of Glyphosate by Bacteria Isolated from Soil

Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. It is primarily applied to agricultural lands. This study examined the utilization of glyphosate by bacteria isolated from soil. Five bacteria were isolated, namely; Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Actinomyces sp. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were selected for the studies based on their rapid degradation of the herbicides. The ability of the isolates to degrade different concentrations of glyphosate were tested in minimal salt medium (MSM) and incubated on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm at 30oC for 28 days. The effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on degradation of the isolates were also determined at concentrations of 200 µg/ml, 300  µg/ml and 400 µg/ml in 150 ml of the MSM. The bacteria were isolated using pour plate method and identified based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The two isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus BFM4 and Bacillus subtilis H184 using polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the percentage utilization of the herbicides by the test organisms in all the treatments at day 28. Bacillus cereus BFM4 had the highest percentage utilization of 97.04 % and 90.49 % of glyphosate at the lowest concentration 20 mg/ml and 400 µg/ml of Pb2+. The results of this study showed that the isolates were able to utilize varying concentration of glyphosate with an increased utilization on addition of Pb2+ and Cd2+

Heavy metals biosorption by urease producing Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B

Biosorption is the ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from wastewater through mediated or physico-chemical pathways of uptake. Urease producing bacteria have been hypothesized to have inherent bioremediation abilities. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B to biosorp Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni. The stock solution of Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni was prepared by dissolving 0.0157 g of Pb(C2H3O2)2, 0.057 g of K2Cr2O7, 0.018 g of CdSO4 and 0.026 g of NiSO4 in 100 mL of dH2O respectively. Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B was screened for the potential to utilise 5 ppm of the heavy metals using agar dilution method. Broth of L. fusiformis 5B was inoculated to 10, 15, 20 and 50 ppm of the heavy metals. The rate of biosorption was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) after 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The biosorption % was determined by Beer Lambart’s equation. Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B was able to tolerate 5 ppm concentration of all the heavy metals by showing visible growth on surfaces of nutrient agar Petri plates. Generally, there was an increase in biosorption rate as the days progress. After 35 days of incubation, the highest biosorption rate of 99.96%, 99.97%, and 99.94% were recorded for Pb, Cr, and Cd respectively at 10 ppm and 99.33% of Ni at 15 ppm. The results of this study showed that L. fusiformis 5B possess the capacity to biosorp Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni and can be developed as biosorption agent for these heavy metals. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.402316

Enumeration and Identification of Fungi from Selected Local Spices Sold in Minna Nigeria

Spices are defined as any plant substance either in powdered form, broken or as a whole which have aromatic features capable of influencing a change of taste or smell of food and beverages. This study was aimed at enumeration and identification of fungi from selected food spices from Minna Nigeria markets. Samples of ginger, chilli pepper, turmeric, nutmeg, locust beans, black pepper, clove and garlic were collected randomly from two different markets; Kure and Bosso in Minna metropolis. The proximate analysis of the samples (moisture, total ash, crude fiber, fat, and carbohydrate) was determined. Standard microbiological techniques were used to enumerate, isolate and identify the fungi in the samples. The proximate composition showed that the highest moisture content was found in turmeric (15.85 %). The highest ash content was in cloves (9.70 %). The highest crude fibre was present in chilli pepper (10.69 %) and the highest carbohydrate was found in garlic (74.07 %). Locust beans had the highest oil extract (24.60 %) and crude protein (22.75 %). The highest fungal count was obtained in nutmeg (1.36×104 cfu/g) followed by ginger (9.2x103 cfu/g). The lowest fungal count was obtained in turmeric and garlic (1x102 cfu/g). The fungi isolated and identified were as follows: Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terrus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and species of Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, Trichophyton, and Chrysosporium. The results of this study showed that the selected local spices harbour different fungal species. Therefore, proper handling hygiene and storage is recommended

The Utilization of Glyphosate by Bacteria Isolated from Soil

Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. It is primarily applied to agricultural lands. This study examined the utilization of glyphosate by bacteria isolated from soil. Five bacteria were isolated, namely; Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Actinomyces sp. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were selected for the studies based on their rapid degradation of the herbicides. The ability of the isolates to degrade different concentrations of glyphosate were tested in minimal salt medium (MSM) and incubated on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm at 30oC for 28 days. The effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on degradation of the isolates were also determined at concentrations of 200 µg/ml, 300  µg/ml and 400 µg/ml in 150 ml of the MSM. The bacteria were isolated using pour plate method and identified based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The two isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus BFM4 and Bacillus subtilis H184 using polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. There were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the percentage utilization of the herbicides by the test organisms in all the treatments at day 28. Bacillus cereus BFM4 had the highest percentage utilization of 97.04 % and 90.49 % of glyphosate at the lowest concentration 20 mg/ml and 400 µg/ml of Pb2+. The results of this study showed that the isolates were able to utilize varying concentration of glyphosate with an increased utilization on addition of Pb2+ and Cd2+

The Utilization of Glyphosate by Bacteria Isolated from Soil

Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. It is primarily applied to agricultural lands. This study examined the utilization of glyphosate by bacteria isolated from soil. Five bacteria were isolated, namely; Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Actinomyces sp. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were selected for the studies based on their rapid degradation of the herbicides. The ability of the isolates to degrade different concentrations of glyphosate were tested in minimal salt medium (MSM) and incubated on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm at 30oC for 28 days. The effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on degradation of the isolates were also determined at concentrations of 200 µg/ml, 300  µg/ml and 400 µg/ml in 150 ml of the MSM. The bacteria were isolated using pour plate method and identified based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The two isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus BFM4 and Bacillus subtilis H184 using polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. There were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the percentage utilization of the herbicides by the test organisms in all the treatments at day 28. Bacillus cereus BFM4 had the highest percentage utilization of 97.04 % and 90.49 % of glyphosate at the lowest concentration 20 mg/ml and 400 µg/ml of Pb2+. The results of this study showed that the isolates were able to utilize varying concentration of glyphosate with an increased utilization on addition of Pb2+ and Cd2+

The Utilization of Glyphosate by Bacteria Isolated from Soil

Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. It is primarily applied to agricultural lands. This study examined the utilization of glyphosate by bacteria isolated from soil. Five bacteria were isolated, namely; Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and Actinomyces sp. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were selected for the studies based on their rapid degradation of the herbicides. The ability of the isolates to degrade different concentrations of glyphosate were tested in minimal salt medium (MSM) and incubated on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm at 30oC for 28 days. The effects of Pb2+ and Cd2+ on degradation of the isolates were also determined at concentrations of 200 µg/ml, 300  µg/ml and 400 µg/ml in 150 ml of the MSM. The bacteria were isolated using pour plate method and identified based on their cultural and biochemical characteristics. The two isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus BFM4 and Bacillus subtilis H184 using polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis. There were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) in the percentage utilization of the herbicides by the test organisms in all the treatments at day 28. Bacillus cereus BFM4 had the highest percentage utilization of 97.04 % and 90.49 % of glyphosate at the lowest concentration 20 mg/ml and 400 µg/ml of Pb2+. The results of this study showed that the isolates were able to utilize varying concentration of glyphosate with an increased utilization on addition of Pb2+ and Cd2+

Heavy metals biosorption by urease producing Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B

Biosorption is the ability of biological materials to accumulate heavy metals from wastewater through mediated or physico-chemical pathways of uptake. Urease producing bacteria have been hypothesized to have inherent bioremediation abilities. The aim of this research was to determine the potential of Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B to biosorp Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni. The stock solution of Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni was prepared by dissolving 0.0157 g of Pb(C2H3O2)2, 0.057 g of K2Cr2O7, 0.018 g of CdSO4 and 0.026 g of NiSO4 in 100 mL of dH2O respectively. Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B was screened for the potential to utilise 5 ppm of the heavy metals using agar dilution method. Broth of L. fusiformis 5B was inoculated to 10, 15, 20 and 50 ppm of the heavy metals. The rate of biosorption was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) after 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The biosorption % was determined by Beer Lambart’s equation. Lysinibacillus fusiformis 5B was able to tolerate 5 ppm concentration of all the heavy metals by showing visible growth on surfaces of nutrient agar Petri plates. Generally, there was an increase in biosorption rate as the days progress. After 35 days of incubation, the highest biosorption rate of 99.96%, 99.97%, and 99.94% were recorded for Pb, Cr, and Cd respectively at 10 ppm and 99.33% of Ni at 15 ppm. The results of this study showed that L. fusiformis 5B possess the capacity to biosorp Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni and can be developed as biosorption agent for these heavy metals. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.402316

Enumeration and Identification of Fungi from Selected Local Spices Sold in Minna Nigeria

Spices are defined as any plant substance either in powdered form, broken or as a whole which have aromatic features capable of influencing a change of taste or smell of food and beverages. This study was aimed at enumeration and identification of fungi from selected food spices from Minna Nigeria markets. Samples of ginger, chilli pepper, turmeric, nutmeg, locust beans, black pepper, clove and garlic were collected randomly from two different markets; Kure and Bosso in Minna metropolis. The proximate analysis of the samples (moisture, total ash, crude fiber, fat, and carbohydrate) was determined. Standard microbiological techniques were used to enumerate, isolate and identify the fungi in the samples. The proximate composition showed that the highest moisture content was found in turmeric (15.85 %). The highest ash content was in cloves (9.70 %). The highest crude fibre was present in chilli pepper (10.69 %) and the highest carbohydrate was found in garlic (74.07 %). Locust beans had the highest oil extract (24.60 %) and crude protein (22.75 %). The highest fungal count was obtained in nutmeg (1.36×104 cfu/g) followed by ginger (9.2x103 cfu/g). The lowest fungal count was obtained in turmeric and garlic (1x102 cfu/g). The fungi isolated and identified were as follows: Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terrus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and species of Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, Trichophyton, and Chrysosporium. The results of this study showed that the selected local spices harbour different fungal species. Therefore, proper handling hygiene and storage is recommended

Microbial conversion of agro-wastes for lactic acid production

Lactic acid (LA) is an organic compound produced via fermentation by microorganisms that can utilize a wide range of carbohydrate sources and has gained relevance in food industries for preservation, pharmaceutical industries as additives, textile industries as mordants and production of cosmetics and bioplastics. In spite of the various applications of lactic acid, its availability is a challenge, especially in developing countries like Nigeria and therefore has to be imported, making it very expensive. One of the core substrates for lactic acid production is glucose. This study focused on the production of lactic acid using reducing sugar from locally sourced agro-wastes (corncob, sugarcane bagasse, plantain peduncle and groundnut shell). Bacteria were isolated from the agro-wastes dumpsite and screened for lactic acid production using De Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar. The agro-wastes were pretreated using NaOH and hydrolyzed using cellulase produced from Aspergillus niger. The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified based on their cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics. The screened isolates were used for the production of lactic acid in an MRS medium containing the agro-waste hydrolysates as the sole carbon source. The LAB isolate with the best ability for lactic acid production was ascertained using the spectrophotometric method. Eleven (11) isolates were obtained from the agro-wastes dumpsites. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (accession number OM510300) from plantain peduncle dumpsites had the highest potential for lactic acid production (1.9558 g/L). The study revealed that Nigerian-locally sourced agro-wastes can be developed as an alternative source of reducing sugar for lactic acid production and thus leads to agro-wastes management in the environment